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1 Modern English Usage
Общая лексика: употребление в современном английском языке -
2 usage
noun1) Brauch, der; Gepflogenheit, die (geh.)usage [of a word] — Verwendung [eines Wortes]
in American etc. usage — im amerikanischen usw. Sprachgebrauch
3) (treatment) Behandlung, die* * *us·age[ˈju:sɪʤ]nthis bag has had some rough \usage diese Tasche ist schon ziemlich abgenutztwater \usage Wasserverbrauch mit's common \usage... es ist allgemein üblich...in English/French \usage im englischen/französischen Sprachgebrauchin general [or everyday] \usage im alltäglichen Sprachgebrauch* * *['juːzɪdZ]n1) (= treatment, handling) Behandlung fit's common usage — es ist allgemein üblich or Sitte or Brauch
it's not correct usage — so darf das nicht gebraucht werden
usage notes (in book) — Anwendungshinweise pl
* * *usage [ˈjuːzıdʒ; ˈjuːs-] s1. Brauch m, Gepflogenheit f, Usus m3. Sprachgebrauch m:4. Gebrauch m, Verwendung f5. Behandlung(sweise) f* * *noun1) Brauch, der; Gepflogenheit, die (geh.)2) (Ling.): (use of language) Sprachgebrauch, derusage [of a word] — Verwendung [eines Wortes]
in American etc. usage — im amerikanischen usw. Sprachgebrauch
3) (treatment) Behandlung, die* * *n.Gebrauch -¨e m.Verwendung f. -
3 usage
behandling--------bruk--------sedvane--------skikksubst. \/ˈjuːsɪdʒ\/, \/ˈjuːzɪdʒ\/1) behandling, håndtering2) språkbruk, bruk3) tradisjon4) forbruk, bruk -
4 chairman
['tʃeəmən]Mr Chairman Madam Chairman — signor Presidente. Although modern English usage prefers chairperson, the Italian equivalent presidente can translate both English words
* * *nouns (a person who takes charge of or directs a meeting.) presidente* * *['tʃeəmən]Mr Chairman Madam Chairman — signor Presidente. Although modern English usage prefers chairperson, the Italian equivalent presidente can translate both English words
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5 authoress
['ɔːθərɪs]nome autrice f., scrittrice f.••Note:Although modern English usage prefers author, the usual Italian translation is autrice or scrittrice* * *feminine sometimes; see author* * *authoress /ˈɔ:ɵərɪs/n.(antiq. o iron.) autrice; scrittrice.* * *['ɔːθərɪs]nome autrice f., scrittrice f.••Note:Although modern English usage prefers author, the usual Italian translation is autrice or scrittrice -
6 Fowler
['faulə]"Фа́улер" (разговорное название "Словаря нормативного употребления в современном английском языке" ["A Dictionary of Modern English Usage"]. Впервые вышел в 1906 под названием "Королевский английский язык" ["The King's English"])по имени автора Г.У.Фаулера [Henry Watson Fowler, 1858-1933]English-Russian Great Britain dictionary (Великобритания. Лингвострановедческий словарь) > Fowler
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7 MEU
1) Военный термин: Marine Expeditionary Unit, message encoder unit, multiplexer encoder unit, (SOC) Marine Expeditionary Unit (Special Operations Capable)2) Техника: medium-enriched uranium, moderately enriched uranium4) Сокращение: Main Electronics Unit, Marine Expeditionary Unit (USA), Memory Expansion Unit, Mission Essential Unit, Modern English Usage, Maritime Expeditionary Unit (USA; SOC; Special Operations Capable)5) Расширение файла: Menu group (DOS Shell) -
8 genteelism
Это слово было «изобретено» Х. У. Фаулером (H. W. Fowler), автором книги Modern English Usage («Современное употребление английского языка»), который определял его так: The substituting for the ordinary natural word that first suggests itself to the mind of a synonym that is thought to be less soiled by the lips of the common herd, less familiar, les plebeian, less vulgar. — Замена обычного слова, приходящего на ум в первую очередь, синонимом, который должен быть менее «осквернён» употреблением в обычной речи простой публикой, менее узнаваемым, не таким плебейским, вульгарным. Среди примеров он назвал: assist (вместо help — помочь); edifice (вместо building — здание); endeavour (try — пытаться); donation (gift подарок); save (except — кроме, исключая); stomach (belly — живот); tight (drunk — пьяный); scholar (pupil — ученик); college (school — школа). Конечно, список менялся, с тех пор как Фаулер создал его в 1926 г., но genteelisms всё ещё существуют в языке: expectorate (spit — плевать); odour (smell — запах); perspire (sweat — потеть). Слово genteelism произошло от слова gentility — благородное происхождение, хорошее воспитание. -
9 an hotel
Отель. Почему англичане часто говорят an hotel вместо a hotel ? Вероятно, они думают, что существует какое-то правило в грамматике, подтверждающее правильность этого выражения. Однако такого правила нет. Зато объяснение можно найти у Г. У. Фаулера в его «Словаре современного английского употребления» ('A Dictionary of Modern English Usage', Fowler, 1996): «An hotel — без придыхания на втором слоге — это теперь устаревшее слово, но ни в коем случае не вымершее». Пожилые образованные англичане чаще говорят an hotel, чем a hotel. Но и то и другое считается допустимым. -
10 split infinitive
«Расщеплённый инфинитив», инфинитив с отделённой частицей to. Ни одна языковая проблема не вызвала столько споров и разногласий, как the split infinitive, который был объявлен солецизмом (синтаксической ошибкой) в XIX в. Суть вопроса заключалась в следующем: возьмём для примера инфинитив (неопределённую форму глагола) — to love, в котором глагольная часть (love) следует за частицей to. Когда такая комбинация разобщена (split) наречием (adverb) или словосочетанием с наречием (adverbial phrase), например to madly love, to really and truly love и т. д., то такая грамматическая конструкция называется a split infinitive. Некоторые филологи настаивают на том, что частица to является неотъемлемой частью инфинитива и поэтому не должна быть отделена от глагольной части. Самый последний совет по этому поводу, данный в книге «Словарь современного английского употребления» ('Modern English Usage') Фаулером, звучит так: «Не должно быть абсолютного запрета на употребление простых наречий, чтобы расщепить инфинитив. По возможности избегайте этого, но не слишком страдайте, если расщеплённый инфинитив всё же невозможно не употребить, чтобы закончить уже начатое предложение». Для неангличан такие страсти, разгоревшиеся вокруг этой проблемы, могут показаться непонятными.English-Russian dictionary of expressions > split infinitive
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11 unique
Это слово означает уникальный. Многие сторонники чистоты английского языка упрекают англоговорящих за употребление выражения very unique (очень уникальный). И это правильно, потому что на самом деле слово unique означает «единственный в своём роде». Но так уж получилось, что с течением времени это значение трансформировалось, и теперь это слово означает оригинальный, своеобразный, может быть, потому, что слово original редко употребляется в данном значении, а чаще используется в значении первоначальный. Из всего сказанного можно сделать следующий вывод: слова unique, uniqueness необходимы, когда речь идёт о чём-либо оригинальном, своеобразном, а также нужно признать, что very unique звучит действительно не очень грамотно. В 1992 г. редактор 'The Times' сказал журналистам: «Это глупость описывать что-либо как rather unique или more unique (достаточно уникальный, более уникальный). Однако фраза almost unique (почти уникальный), хотя, строго говоря, и является противоречием, передаёт особый смысл и допустима в общем употреблении». Самое последнее авторитетное указание дано в «Словаре современного английского употребления» Фаулера ('Fowler's Modern English Usage', 1996): «Мы должны, по моему мнению, допускать тот факт, что слово unique теряет своё недифференцированное качество, абсолют, но газетные редакторы (copy editors) должны проверять подобные случаи использования, пока споры о приемлемости такого употребления продолжаются». -
12 THY
(= singular YOUR) -lya, -tya (endings used on nouns, VT49:16, 48), e.g. *aldalya, *aldatya "thy tree". The semantic distinction between -lya and *-tya is that -lya is formal or polite, whereas -tya is intimate or familiar (see THOU). In UT:51 (cf. 22), -lya is translated "your" instead of "thy", following modern English usage (tielyanna "upon your path", with the allative ending -nna “upon” following -lya “your”). Independent words for “thy/thine” or “your/yours” (sg.) could possibly be *lyenya and *tyenya, derived from *lyen and *tyen as the theoretical dative forms of the independent pronouns lye, tye “thou” (compare ninya “my” and menya “our” as attested pronouns seemingly derived from the dative pronouns nin “for me”, men “for us”). -
13 confusion worse confounded
книжн.путаница, полный хаос [выражение создано Дж. Мильтоном; см. цитату]With ruin upon ruin, rout on rout, Confusion worse confounded. (J. Milton, ‘Paradise Lost’, book II) — Разрушение за разрушением, поражение за поражением, Словом - совершенный хаос.
You mustn't take me up like that. I merely meant it's best not to make confusion more confounded by careless conjecture and malicious inference. (J. Lindsay, ‘A Local Habitation’, ch. 7) — Вы меня неправильно понимаете. Я хотел лишь сказать, что не следует осложнять и без того сложные вопросы, делая необдуманные и чрезмерно критические выводы.
In the English of today there is uncertainty of usage between averse to and averse from, between different to, different from and occasionally, different than. In the language of Shakespeare this kind of confusion is worse confounded. (G. H. McKnight, ‘Modern English in the Making’, ch. X) — В современном английском языке неясно различие между averse to и averse from, между different to, different from и иногда different than. В языке Шекспира подобной путаницы еще больше.
Large English-Russian phrasebook > confusion worse confounded
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14 Anglo-Portuguese Alliance
The world's oldest diplomatic connection and alliance, an enduring arrangement between two very different nations and peoples, with important practical consequences in the domestic and foreign affairs of both Great Britain (England before 1707) and Portugal. The history of this remarkable alliance, which has had commercial and trade, political, foreign policy, cultural, and imperial aspects, can be outlined in part with a list of the main alliance treaties after the first treaty of commerce and friendship signed between the monarchs of England and Portugal in 1373. This was followed in 1386 by the Treaty of Windsor; then in 1654, 1661, 1703, the Methuen Treaty; and in 1810 and 1899 another treaty also signed at Windsor.Common interests in the defense of the nation and its overseas empire (in the case of Portugal, after 1415; in the case of England, after 1650) were partly based on characteristics and common enemies both countries shared. Even in the late Middle Ages, England and Portugal faced common enemies: large continental countries that threatened the interests and sovereignty of both, especially France and Spain. In this sense, the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance has always been a defensive alliance in which each ally would assist the other when necessary against its enemies. In the case of Portugal, that enemy invariably was Spain (or component states thereof, such as Castile and Leon) and sometimes France (i.e., when Napoleon's armies invaded and conquered Portugal as of late 1807). In the case of England, that foe was often France and sometimes Spain as well.Beginning in the late 14th century, England and Portugal forged this unusual relationship, formalized with several treaties that came into direct use during a series of dynastic, imperial, naval, and commercial conflicts between 1373 and 1961, the historic period when the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance had its most practical political significance. The relative world power and importance of each ally has varied over the centuries. During the period 1373-1580, the allies were similar in respective ranking in European affairs, and during the period 1480-1550, if anything, Portugal was a greater world power with a more important navy than England. During 1580-1810, Portugal fell to the status of a third-rank European power and, during 1810-1914, England was perhaps the premier world power. During 1914-61, England's world position slipped while Portugal made a slow recovery but remained a third- or fourth-rank power.The commercial elements of the alliance have always involved an exchange of goods between two seafaring, maritime peoples with different religions and political systems but complementary economies. The 1703 Methuen Treaty establ ished a trade link that endured for centuries and bore greater advantages for England than for Portugal, although Portugal derived benefits: English woolens for Portuguese wines, especially port, other agricultural produce, and fish. Since the signing of the Methuen Treaty, there has been a vigorous debate both in politics and in historical scholarship as to how much each nation benefited economically from the arrangement in which Portugal eventually became dependent upon England and the extent to which Portugal became a kind of economic colony of Britain during the period from 1703 to 1910.There is a vast literature on the Alliance, much of it in Portuguese and by Portuguese writers, which is one expression of the development of modern Portuguese nationalism. During the most active phase of the alliance, from 1650 to 1945, there is no doubt but that the core of the mutual interests of the allies amounted to the proposition that Portugal's independence as a nation in Iberia and the integrity of its overseas empire, the third largest among the colonial powers as of 1914, were defended by England, who in turn benefited from the use by the Royal Navy of Portugal's home and colonial ports in times of war and peace. A curious impact on Portuguese and popular usage had also come about and endured through the impact of dealings with the English allies. The idiom in Portuguese, "é para inglês ver," means literally "it is for the Englishman to see," but figuratively it really means, "it is merely for show."The practical defense side of the alliance was effectively dead by the end of World War II, but perhaps the most definitive indication of the end of the political significance of an alliance that still continues in other spheres occurred in December 1961, when the army of the Indian Union invaded Portugal's colonial enclaves in western India, Goa, Damão, and Diu. While both nations were now North Atlantic Treaty Organization allies, their interests clashed when it came to imperial and Commonwealth conflicts and policies. Portugal asked Britain for military assistance in the use of British bases against the army of Britain's largest former colony, India. But Portugal was, in effect, refused assistance by her oldest ally. If the alliance continues into the 21st century, its essence is historical, nostalgic, commercial, and cultural.See also Catherine of Braganza.Historical dictionary of Portugal > Anglo-Portuguese Alliance
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